Rozar Prawiranegara

Methods, Frameworks, & Tools

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)

MCDA is a valuable tool to navigate complex decisions, especially when multiple factors or criteria are involved. In essence, it involves breaking down a decision into a set of weighted criteria, evaluating each option against those criteria. The result is a total scores to rank the options and determine the most preferred choice.

MCDA is forcing us to make rational decision-making through this structured process. The science agrees that it enhances transparency and allows for a deeper understanding of the trade-offs involved.

I applied the versatile MCDA principles to complex policy decisions in healthcare and other fields. I’ve personally found MCDA to be incredibly helpful in making decisions even in everyday situations; such as selecting extracurricular activities for my children, choosing the right schools for them to attend, or even determining the most cost-effective type of bed frame.

Systems Thinking

In the face of complex problems, I applied systems thinking to recognize the interconnectedness of various elements and understanding how they influence each other.

I always have affinity with frameworks and visual representations, such as diagrams, schematics, and concept maps, to analyze systems, identify key components, and understand their relationships. In the context of health systems, this means considering the interplay of factors like governance, financing, service delivery, and human resources to gain a holistic perspective.

This approach is essential to capture the most critical aspect within a system. I applied systems thinking to effectively elicit and define criteria in MCDA. By understanding the dynamics of the system, I can identify and define criteria that are relevant and leads to meaningful and well-informed decisions.

Stakeholder Engagement

Effective health systems requires active engagement with a diverse range of stakeholders. This includes policymakers, healthcare providers, patients, community members, and other relevant groups. My main focus is to engage the stakeholders at the very conception of policies and decisions. Stakeholder engagement is not merely about informing people of decisions but about actively ensuring their perspectives and contribution in the decision-making process,

As Nobel Laureate Saul Perlmutter emphasizes, “Diverse groups are more likely to reduce random noise, overcome initial biases, and find more effective solutions, even if it takes more work to do so.” But, it does not mean it should take longer time to make collective decisions.

I am utilizing variety of tools to effectively gather opinions (e.g., Delphi technique, Focus Group Discussions) and to generate and prioritize ideas (Nominal Group Technique, Citizen Engagament). With some of these tools, I have been involved in streamlining deliberative process from 3 full day meetings into only 3 hours time (see presentation). These techniques made it possible to facilitate meaningful engagement and consensus building efficiently.

Bias Mitigation

There are flaws in out own reasoning. Bias can hinder us in evaluating information objectively and making sound decisions. My approach to problem solving and decision-making involves questioning the validity of information, challenges assumptions, considering alternative perspectives, and recognizing potential flaws in our own reasoning.

Even the prolific cognitive scientist Daniel Kahneman professed that he too was prone to biases as he prescribed for group decision-making to put our reasoning in check. Critical thinking is my standard strategy to avoid common pitfalls like confirmation bias (tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs), and anchoring bias (overemphasized first piece of information we receive).

In group decision-making settings, individual biases can be amplified and lead to groupthink. My bias mitigation strategies includes promoting diverse perspectives, encouraging open dialogue, and using structured decision-making frameworks.

Implementation Science

Implementation science focuses on bridging the gap between research and practice by understanding the factors that influence the successful implementation of evidence-based interventions. It goes beyond simply developing effective interventions and delves into the complexities of real-world implementation, recognizing that even the most promising interventions can fail if they are not implemented effectively. This field provides a systematic approach to studying the processes and factors that affect the adoption, integration, and sustainment of evidence-based practices in various settings.

My expertise in implementation science allows me to design and evaluate implementation strategies, develop tailored implementation plans, and address potential barriers to successful implementation. I draw on various theoretical frameworks and models, such as the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), to guide my work and ensure that interventions are implemented in a way that maximizes their impact and sustainability. By combining my understanding of realist evaluation with implementation science principles, I can effectively translate research findings into action and promote the uptake of evidence-based practices in health systems and other settings

Realist Evaluation

Realist evaluation is a type of qualitative research that seeks to explain how and why interventions work, or don’t work, in different contexts. It moves beyond simply measuring outcomes and delves into the underlying mechanisms that produce those outcomes, recognizing that the effectiveness of an intervention is often dependent on the context in which it is implemented. This approach aligns with my belief that understanding the nuances of context is crucial for developing and implementing effective solutions.

The socio-ecological approach further complements realist evaluation by acknowledging the multiple levels of influence that shape health behaviors and outcomes. This framework recognizes that individual factors, interpersonal relationships, community norms, institutional policies, and broader societal structures all interact to affect health. By considering these various levels, I can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities related to health interventions and develop strategies that address the complex interplay of factors that influence their success.

Empowerment and Growth Mindset

I believe that empowering individuals and organizations through knowledge sharing and capacity building is crucial for fostering a culture of continuous improvement. This involves creating opportunities for collaborative learning, providing access to information and resources, and supporting individuals in developing their skills and knowledge. In the context of my work, this translates to actively engaging with stakeholders, sharing my expertise, and facilitating learning processes that promote shared understanding and collective growth.

I am particularly passionate about promoting a growth mindset, inspired by the work of Carol Dweck and Mary C. Murphy. This involves encouraging a belief in the potential for development and learning, embracing challenges as opportunities for growth, and valuing effort and persistence in the pursuit of improvement. I have actively contributed to fostering a culture of learning and knowledge sharing within my previous organization, RC3ID, through initiatives like “sharing corner” sessions, where colleagues regularly shared their knowledge and insights on various topics. I also believe in the power of self-directed learning and regularly engage in activities that expand my own knowledge and skills, which I then share with others through presentations, workshops, and other knowledge sharing platforms.

Innovative Problem Solving

I believe in taking an active and resourceful approach to problem-solving, drawing on both innovation and agency to create solutions and drive positive change. This involves not only identifying challenges but also taking the initiative to develop and implement solutions, even when resources are limited or conventional approaches fail. I embrace a “hack-the-system” mentality, seeking out creative workarounds and leveraging available resources to maximize impact.

This approach is reflected in my diverse skillset, which spans both digital and analog domains. I am comfortable working with technology, developing tools and systems that streamline workflows and enhance productivity. At the same time, I value hands-on skills and the ability to create and build things myself, whether it’s through urban gardening, crafting leather goods, or exploring other DIY practices. This combination of technical expertise and practical skills allows me to adapt to various situations, find innovative solutions, and take ownership of the process from start to finish. I believe that by combining innovation, agency, and a self-reliant mindset, I can effectively address challenges, create positive change, and contribute to a more sustainable and fulfilling future.